TRANSPORTATION
Roads:
In the UK, Ireland, Malta and Cyprus, traffic drives on the left. In the rest of Europe, traffic mainly drives on the right with a few rare exceptions for certain stretches of motorway or a small country road.
List of Trans-European Transport networks
- Trans-European Road network
- Trans-European Rail network, which includes the Trans-European high-speed rail network as well as the Trans-European conventional rail network
- Trans-European Inland Waterway network and inland ports
- Trans-European Seaport network
- Motorways of the Sea (added to the list by Decision No 884/2004/EC)
- Trans-European Airport network
- Trans-European Combined Transport network
- Trans-European Shipping Management and Information network
- Trans-European Air Traffic Management network, which includes the Single European Sky and SESAR concepts
- Trans-European Positioning and Navigation network, which includes the Galileo
Railroads:
Rail transport in Europe is characterised by its diversity, both technical and infrastructural.
Rail networks in Western and Central Europe are often well maintained and well developed, whilst Eastern and Southern Europe often have less coverage and infrastructure problems. Electrified railway networks operate at a plethora of different voltages AC and DC varying from 750 to 25,000 volts, and signalling systems vary from country to country, hindering cross-border traffic.
The European Union aims to make cross-border operations easier as well as to introduce competition to national rail networks. EU member states were able to separate the provision of transport services and the management of the infrastructure by Directive 91/440/EEC. Usually, national railway companies were split to separate divisions or independent companies for infrastructure, passenger and freight operations. The passenger operations may be further divided to long-distance and regional services, because regional services often operate under public service obligations, while long-distance services usually operate without subsidies.
The main international trains operating in Europe are:
- InterCityExpress (Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Austria)
- Thalys (France, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands)
- Enterprise (Republic of Ireland & United Kingdom)
- Eurostar (Great Britain, France, Belgium)
- EuroCity (conventional trains operated by nearly all Western and Central European operators, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom and Ireland)
- TGV (France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, Germany)
Aviation:
Air transport is very fast, but on shorter distances, passengers may spend more time on the way to and from the airports, at checking-in and baggage reclaim than on the flight itself. Air travel also consumes much fuel and causes pollution and noise problems.
It used to be very expensive, with regular flights only linking major cities, but in the last decade this has changed with the advent of low cost carriers. Today, air transportation is often by far the cheapest way of travelling between cities. Also, because regional airports generally levy far less taxes and fees, this has mainly resulted in smaller cities, close enough to large cities, being linked to one another, not only serving the smaller cities, but the large ones, maybe 100 kilometres away, as well.
Ryanair is especially noted for this, since it primarily flies out of regional airports up to 150 kilometres away from the city it has said to serve. A primary example of this is the Weeze-Skavsta flight, where Weeze mainly serves the Nijmegen/Kleve area, while Skavsta serves Nykoping/Oxelosund. Ryanair however, markets this flight as Düsseldorf-Stockholm, which are both 80-90 kilometres away from these airports, resulting in up to four hours of ground transportation just to get to and from the airport.
The result is, while air travel may be the cheapest way of travelling through Europe, especially on distances shorter than 500 kilometres, it is often not the fastest way.